International Law And International Legal Subjects

The first reading for this week was a chapter out of a book about international legal subjects. International legal subjects include things like insurgents, national liberation movements, international organizations, and individuals (Cassese, 124). States have not been happy when insurgents try to enter their territory. Insurgents are rebels and they feel as if they are dangerous. Insurgents are state like and they have many characteristics that states have. They do not have as many rights are states does and their duties are limited. This chapter also discussed Sui Generis Entities, The International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) is one of the entities explained in the chapter. Although this entity was private it has†¦show more content†¦NGOs are non-governmental organizations that typically operate within a country or region internationally. Many of the NGOs are non-state actors because they do not represent a state. Also, they are different because of the influence the y have on international law- making (Cali, 142). One of the main objectives for NGOs is to influence state behavior towards people, resources, or species within and outside of states territories’. To make that happen NGOs would have to interact with international law and institutions. NGOs has shaped the public’s view on many things. The impact they have on things such as climate change, modified food, and nuclear proliferation is big. When keeping people up to date on things like this helps bring countries into the spotlight. NGOs are also involved in negations once the process of law-making gets started. NGOs are basically here to influence the important things that is happening. NGOs also play a big role in the enforcement of international law. They basically try to develop standards and then try to get a state to agree with them (Cali, 157). They try different ways to get a state to comply with their idea. NGOs tries to use everything they can to get states to chan ge their behavior. I believe that NGOs are important because of the role they play. The third reading I did for this week was an article on the United States Nations Charter. The main idea in this article is the constitution.Show MoreRelatedSubjects of International Law1108 Words   |  5 Pages In any kind of legal relations, subject always play an important role, and it is one of the signals to determine the relation that pertaining the adjustment of any legislation system. International law is a legislation system that is a set of thousands of documents from various sources. The research about the subjects is necessary since it helps to find out the source of law, which relation pertains the adjustment of law. The subjects of international law include sovereign states and analogous entitiesRead MoreWhat Is The Legality Of A Company?1487 Words   |  6 PagesThe incorporated enterprises are recognized as legal persons who mean that these enterprises have a persona that is separa te from that of its owners. Essentially, the personality of an incorporated company ensures that its liabilities do not extend to its owners unless in instances recognized by law. The rule on the legal personality of a company was laid in Salmon v. Salmon Co. Ltd , an English case in which the court held that the assets of a company are separate from those of the owner. To dateRead MoreTransnational Corporations And Human Rights Violations Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently a lack legal apparatuses that can be used to hold transnational corporations liable for human rights violations; specifically violation of labour rights. 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Similarly, ever since the interaction between the states has increased, the evolution of International Law has evolved accordingly side by side the National Law regulatingRead MoreSubjects of Law1287 Words   |  6 PagesPrinicples of Intl Law 27/10/2014 Subjects of Intl Law A subject of international law is an entity capable of possessing the rights and duties under international law. The entity has the capacity to take certain types of actions on the intl arena. The term international legal person is commonly used in reference to such entities. Issues of whether and entity is a subject if international law arise in various context, such issues ariseRead MoreImplementation of the Provisions of the Foreign Arbitration1082 Words   |  4 PagesProvisions of the Foreign Arbitration In many states laws are controlling the issue of implementation of the arbitral awards which are issued in that state. But when the decision is taken to a foreigner who is in a country other than the state, It must be noted in this regard that when it comes to the implementation of the decision of a foreigner must search in how to recognize and implement these decisions in the texts of international conventions that deal with this topic such as the ConventionRead MoreInternational Law is Divided into Private and Public1035 Words   |  4 PagesThe term of ‘International law’ first used by Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, later Hugo Grotius who is a one of the prominent intellectual figure in Europe lead to concept of the modern framework for international law. 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As Assessment of Financial Management in International...

Abstract. Paper discussed how operating of financial management in different nations impacts investment decisions with multinational enterprise. Paper describes financial options available to the foreign subsidiary of the multiple enterprises and shows how money management in international business can be used to minimize cash balances, and taxation and introduce us to basic methods of money management. This project is focusing on financial management in the international business, discussing three sets financial decisions such as: †¢ Investing decisions, decisions about what activities to finance. †¢ Financing decisions, decisions about how to finance those activities. †¢ Money management decisions, decisions about how to manage firm†¦show more content†¦For example Japan relates on debt ratio them more U.S. firms. One of the explanations for different financial structures is a different tax regime. For example, if interest income were taxes at higher rate, a preference for debt financing over equity financing would be expected. However, according to the empirical research, country differences in financial structure do not seem related to any systematic to country difference in tax structure. Another explanation is that these country differences may reflect cultural norms, cultural influences not yet been explained. Principle behind global money management is that that firms must use the firm’s cash recourses in the most efficient way and work on minimization cash balances and reducing transactional costs. Firms must hold certain cash balances that will cover payments of accounts payables and expected demand on cash. The rest of the cash assets are usually reinvested on in money markets accounts and firms earn interest on them. However, firms must have flexible accounts so it can withdraw all cash freely. 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The Four Ps of Creativity Free Essays

string(175) " developed a more American approach to film making, something which can be reflected in his latest movie The International as he is surrounded by a strong American influence\." An Analyse of a Significant Creative and Innovative Thinker in Terms of the Four Ps A concept labelled as the ‘Four Ps’ has been used to help understand the influential factors around creative beings and how these factors influence their final creative products. According to Mel Rhodes in his book An Analysis of Creativity (1961) these Four Ps; person, place, process and product are the underlying factors of creativity itself. By understanding how the 4 Ps work we are able to venturing into the life of a creative thinker and conduct and analysis of there creativity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Four Ps of Creativity or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case we will look at a German media artist, Tom Tykwer who has constructed a variety of unique films due to his high level of creativity. This creativity has been shaped by the Four Ps or in other words, his individual characteristics, the environment he is surrounded by and the particular processes he under took in order to create his productions. In this analysis we will begin with the first P, Person. The personal attributes of someone influences ideas and how these ideas are produced into being. Determination, imagination and curiosity are all personal attributes found in a creative artist (Sternberg 1988). Born in 1965 (The Auteurs 2010), Tom Tykwer always had a strong passion for filmmaking, making his first films at the age of eleven. His friends where unfortunately vaguely interested in his products (Haase 2007) yet this did not stop him from creating. After High School Tykwer failed to receive a place in almost all of the film schools in Europe (Haase 2007) though his determination to make films did not allow this fall back to prevent him from achieve his ambitions. Tykwer merely created his own film studio in which he could create at his own accord. The act reflects Tykwer’s ability to think of alternative situations which is a highly regarded creative personality trait (Sternberg 1988). When Tykwer was a child the first film he viewed was Peter Pan (Haase 2007). The possibility of a parallel world struck Tykwer as fascinating and became his first inspiration in film making. Peter Pan sparked an imaginative streak in Tykwer which entranced him for almost 30 years. His imagination is what defines his earlier films, such as Lola Rennt and True, two movies which expanded the realms of reality through innovative techniques and unique narrative structure. In regards to curiosity every single one of Tykwer’s movies, short and long, reflect a high level of experimentation and risks to portray his own personal feelings and willingness to manipulate media to create magnificent effects. Another key feature about Tykwer is that he calls upon varies types of film genres. He claimed, ‘I like everything that speaks to me loudly, and that gives me a vision. I don’t care about the genre’ (Tom Tykwer 2010a). This is reflected in all his productions as he uses a mixture of crime and thrill (_Perfume_) romance (_Truth__)_ and action (_The International) _ to portray his ideas. His desire to not stick to just one style of film demonstrates a large amount of curiosity and desire to experiment with ideas and cinematic styles. Tykwer demonstrated a high level of curiosity for film at an early age, something along with imagination and determination is an essential aspect to creativity. The second P, place, also has a profound impact on creativity. Place includes the environment which a person is surrounded by and the influence this has upon someone’s creative ability. The German director was brought up surrounded by a modern and artistic culture. The fall of the Berlin wall in 1990 was a significant cultural movement in Germany (The Guardian 2010), further enhancing modernisation, innovation and artistic products which expressed revolution and a movement to new approaches to life. Berlin was fuming with a large variety of artistic expression inspired by the strong political change. Movement such as feminism became popular, something which is reflected in Tykwer’s film with the constant use of a female main character. For example, Deadly Maria 1993, Winter Sleeper 1997 and Run Lola Run 1999. Working as a projectionist at a Berlin Art Cinema Movement, allowed him to be continually exposed to a variety of artistic films (Tykwer 2010a). Here Tykwer met the first person that was too help him develop his film career, an independent film maker in the late eighties called Rosa von Praunheim (Cowie 2010a). This man strongly influenced Tykwer’s approach to film making and Tykwer’s first film displayed many of the stylistic and thematic trademarks that his other movies now contain. It was after this that Tykwer created his own film company, X Filme (Tykwer 2010b) and was able to keep his own artistic licence. Many directors who allow funding from more mainstream production companies tend to lose artistic licence. Artistic licence is simply the amount of say the director has within the creation of their film. Tykwer felt strongly about keeping his films very personal giving him the label of an Auteur (Clarke 2006). The belief that directors should have complete artistic control is what separates him from other directors/filmmakers. Tykwer created what he wanted too, not what others did. This promoted his creativity immensely as his imagination is able to run wild. Environment is known to change throughout someone’s life constantly. A brief overview of artist Brice Marden in Imagination First: Unlocking the Power of Possibility by authors Eric Liu and Scott Noppe-Brandon (2009) reflects the importance of how specific surroundings affect creativity. Marden was a minimalist painter (Liu and Noppe-Brandon 2009) with a very distinctive technique. This technique was modified greatly when the artist decided to travel through Asia. He picked up specific cultural techniques which he saw to be fascinating and from then on allowed them to define his works of art. In relation to Tom Tykwer, Germany was his first cultural influence upon his productions allowing his products to reflect the strong cultural movement at the time. In the last few years, Tykwer has developed a more American approach to film making, something which can be reflected in his latest movie The International as he is surrounded by a strong American influence. You read "The Four Ps of Creativity" in category "Papers" Tykwer has removed himself from his independent film company, X-Filme, and has allowed more commercial industries to take hold of him. The International and _Perfume: A Story of a Murderer _separated themselves from Tykwer’s other films as their narratives are linear and contain a more acceptable style of cinematic photograph and realism. This shows that the director has lost a part of his own artistic licence as he has teamed up with Commercial film producers (Internet Date Base 2010a; Internet Data Base 2010b). Here we can see how the surrounding environment of someone can both excel or hinder creative ability. The third P, Process is the particular actions taken in order for a creative product to come to life. In media this has a very practical sense and is to do with the measures taken to overcome obstacles that restrict a creative thought coming to life. Process consists mostly of the production and post-production phases of media, such as filming and editing. Independent films, due to their lack of popularity are given less money compared to mass-produced films. For example, the limited budget of Run Lola Run influenced its editing, the way in which it was filmed and how it was filmed. Tykwer received a budget of only $2 million (Cowie 2010b). In comparison the Blockbuster The Dark Knight had an estimated budget of $185 million (Whitaker 2010). Special effects such as CGI are used in the Blockbuster in large quantities as well as High Definition film and hundreds of extras. In Lola the case was different and alternative techniques where required in order to overcome the budget restrictions. The lack of money permitted Tykwer to only 200 extras. This created difficulties particularly during the first two minutes of the movie. The title ‘_Lola Rennt’ _is spelt out by extras, each letter being filmed separately then contrasted together in post-production. ) In Matthew May’s In Pursuit of Elegance (May 2009) he talks about the innovative creation of Ronnie Stuiver , who designed a water pump with a merry-go-round which is ‘powered by play’ (May 2009, 173) in order to entertain the children of South Africa as they watch their mothers retain water from the water hole. May uses Stuiver as an examp le to explain that we can overcome specific obstacles in our surroundings if we can observe and are determined (May 2009, 174). Like Tykwer, Stuiver expands his ideas and overcomes restrictions (May 2009, 174). In South Africa, villagers would have to wait for the wind in order for their pumps to work, Stuiver created an alternative which not only overcame the problem, but also entertained. This ability to overcome specific obstacles yet still up hold a level of entertainment for an audience is essential in movie making. Tykwer over looks his budget and manages to create exceptional alternatives in order for his productions to come to life, reflecting his amazing creativity. As stated in Cropley’s Fostering Creativity, ‘Creativity involves systematic and purposeful thinking not blind generation of novelty. (Cropely 2009, 68) Finally the fourth P, product. Product involves the final outcome and result of each creative production (Scritchfield 1999). There are three main characteristics in regards to product, these being ‘novelty, resolution and synthesis’ (Besemer and O’Quin 1987). Novelty being the uniqueness of the product, resolution includes the products response to the challenge it was created for and synthesis includes whether the product is used for something other than what it was created for (Scritchfield 1999). In regards to novelty (Scritchfield 1999), all of Tykwer’s productions have been made with innovative techniques and styles to reflect both person and place. His films have captured audience around the world due to their originality. When if comes to resolution, Tykwer’s films where created to express his own ideas and thoughts about the surrounding world. The ability to work in his own film studio for the majority of his films has permitted this task to be very successful. Lastly, synthesis applies strongly to all of Tykwer’s products. Each has an added value of entertainment and an ability to promote curiosity due to their avant-garde feel. The Four P’s are closely intertwined, each influencing each other incredibly, operating simultaneously. Person, place and process all determine the outcome of a creative product in any area of expertise. In regards to media art, as demonstrated by Tom Tykwer’s analysis, it is the personality of a director, their environment and processes which influence their techniques and ideas reflected within their production. In conclusion, creativity is not something that is simply just there. It is influenced by a series of surrounding factors which determine why, what and how something is created. The Four P’s are an excellent way to determine what creativity is and how it is developed. REFERENCE LIST Besemer S. P and O’Quin, K. 1987. Creative product analysis: Testing a model by developing a judging instrument. In Frontiers of Creativity research: Beyond the basic_s, ed. _S. G. Isaksen. 341-379. Buffalo: Bearly Limited. Clarke, David. 2006. Tom Tykwer as an Auteur. Gfl_ Journal. _3: 7. http://www. gfl-journal. de/3-2006/clarke. df (accessed 14/5/10) Cowie, Peter. 2010a. Because_ (short film). _Tom Tykwer. http://www. tomtykwer. com/Filmography/Because-short-film (accessed 23/4/10) Cowie, Peter. 2010b. Run Lola Run. _ _Tom Tykwer http://www. tomtykwer. com/Filmography/Run-Lola-Run (accessed 23/4/10) Cropley, Arthur and David Cropley, 2009. Fostering Creativity, 67-77. NJ: Hampton Press. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Mu rdoch University. Haase, Christine. Bambi, Zombie, Gandhi. In When Keimat meets Hollywood: German Filmmakers and America 1985-2005. 63. USA: Camden House. Internet Movie Data Base. 2010a. The_ International. _http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0963178/ (accessed 12/5/10) Internet Movie Data Base. 2010b. _Perfume: A Story of a Murder. http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0396171/ . __ _(accessed 12/5/10) Liu, Eric, and Noppe-Brandon, Scott. 2009. Imagination First: Unlocking the Power of Possibility. 177-179. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. May, Matthew. 2009. _In Pursuit of Elegance. 172-175. NY: Broadway Books. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Murdoch University. Rhodes, Mel. 1961. An Analysis of Creativity. Phi Delta Kappan. 42. 305-310 Scritchfield, Michael Lee. 1999. _The Creative Person, Product, Process and Press: The 4P’s. _. The International Center for Studies in Creativity. http://www. buffalostate. edu/orgs/cbir/readingroom/html/Scritchf ield-99. html (accessed 6/5/10) Sternberg, R. ed. 1988. The Nature of _Creativity. _434. New York: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Murdoch University. The Auteurs. 2010. Tom Tykwer. http://www. theauteurs. om/cast_members/1013 (accessed 11/4/10) The Guardian. 2010_ _. Fall of the Berlin Wall: 20th anniversary celebrations. http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/blog/2009/nov/09/berlin-wall-anniversary-celebrations (accessed 14/5/10) Tykwer, Tom. 2010a. Biography. _ _Tom Tykwer. http://www. tomtykwer. com/Biography . (accessed 13/5/10) Tykwer, Tom. 2010b. _Music. Tom Tykwer. _http://www. tomtykwer. com/Music . (accessed 14/5/10) Whitaker, Bill . 2010. Filming the â€Å"Dark Knight†. _ _CBS News. http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2008/07/13/sunday/main4256384. shtml (Accessed: 28/4/10) How to cite The Four Ps of Creativity, Papers