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Men Being Domestic Violence Victims - Free Essay Example

Domestic violence is a recurrence of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain control over another intimate partner. Assorted types of domestic violence include physical abuse, sexual abuse occurs when the abuser coerces the victim into having sexual contact or sexual behavior without the victims consent. Emotional abuse involves invalidating and messing with the victims sense of self-worth and/or self-esteem, Economic abuse takes place when the abuser makes or tries to make the victim financially reliant, Psychological abuse involves the abuser invoking fear through intimidation; threatening to interfere with what the victims cheries most, and the list goes on. Hearing the word domestic violence, there is an automatic association of the men being the perpetrators and the woman being the victims. The issue with this is men can be on the other side of the spectrum and take the role of the victim. Over the last twenty-five years, leading sociology have repeatedly found that men and women commit violence at similar rates (Kelly, 792). Men being the victims of domestic violence can be best explain with sociological Feminist theory and Agenda-setting theory. LITERATURE REVIEW Susan Lawrence is Emergency Nurse Practitioner who discusses the factors that led to domestic violence and the reasons why men who experience domestic violence tend to decline report or admit to a problematic relationship. Overall domestic violence is ignored by society and the media. Most occasions this portrays women as the victims of abuse and does not include domestic violence against men (Lawrence, 2003). A study case was compose regarding a man from a low socio-economic background, short and ectomorph body type. He reported shoulder pain and stated that his wife had struck him and no further action was taken. As he speaks to the nurse his head is down and doesnt make much eye contact. The nurse who treated the client in a case study labed Box 1 noted that there was a lack, little to no available resources available to help the client. In this case study, the nurse had access to a private room, which allowed confidentiality during the physical examination and private discussion with the client. A few months later, the client was presented again with physical injuries and gave the same nurse details of his past and present problems, including testicular pain. He had been hit by his wife throughout the marriage but did not want to cause any intervention between them. The client appeared relieved to be able to talk about the problem in confidence. He was asked about leaving the marriage and replied that he did not want to. The nurse reported experiencing a sense of accomplishment in working autonomously and also in allowing the client to talk openly about his experiences without becoming judgemental. The open and honest discussion was a way this men went through his pain dealing with domestic violence. Support is always available for women and children were as nothing is suggested in support of male victims of domestic violence. Courts and society have glommed into the victim image (Schechter,1996) The problems where the victim looked a certain way to be considered in distressed or battered.Visuals play a big role where one might lose custody on their children solely based on being seen as helpless, paralyzed victims who cant manage daily activities in life. Stating that Fitting into the victim image helps people believe you and whether or not you r situation will be handled in a serious manner. Ximena E. Mejia again refers to little amounts of therapy and its leading goal of treating men. A key point made is because male clients have been socialized in ways that suppress their abilities necessary for coping with trauma, therapy must help the client redefine masculinity freeing up and strengthen the clients own coping mechanisms. After this preliminary phase of stressing a revised masculinity and developing hope, resilience, and transcendence, effective therapy may move to a second phase in which traumatic experience and its legacies can be addressed. The womens movement was a catalyst for empowering women to make choices about their own lives. As the feminist movement evolved, so has feminist theory, which has begun to make its presence known in the fields of psychology and counseling (Mejia, 2005). Society leaves more burden on the men when it comes to violent issues and the trauma that follows. The agenda- setting theory was discovered by Maxwell E. Mccombs and Donald L. Shaw. The theory introduced the idea that mass media has a huge influence on the public by the way topics are presented to the public. The media doesnt have the ability to say what to think but sets the agenda on what people should be thinking about. Michael Howlett analysis and creates, in his opinion a more current policy of agenda- sett ing theory (Soroka,1999). Feminist theory has evolved and changed meaning throughout the years. Feminist sociological theory studies gender inequality and how gender can structure the social world. Having the feminist perspective focuses on understanding gender inequalities. For years, from birth a baby is raised differently according to its gender at birth. Lise Eliot, the author of Pink Brain, Blue Brain: How Small Differences Grow into Troublesome Gaps â€Å" and What We Can Do About It, tells Helena de Bertodano of the Times of London, the brains of boys and girls arent really that different after all. Its the social conditioning they receive that makes them pick up and internalize gender roles. Lessons on what young ladies should do or boys dont cry are taught throughout agents of socialization like family, schools, the media, peers. Social learning also happens through observation. Children begin exhibiting gender-stereotyped behaviors quickly by the age of two and affect life moving forward. Feminist theory Evaluation on Men being Domestic Violence Victims Based on these gender-stereotypes we are raised on, Its hard to go against that and picture men in a vulnerable state as domestic violence victims. People dont usually think of men as being cap able of being victims or targets of abuse. We associate them more with moral and physical strength and being protectors of the house. This idea does not align nicely with an image of someone being degraded or abused. When men do seek help, they often feel theyve lost their man credibility. Thats largely an internal barrier that women havent had to overcome. (Smith, 2018) This falls under feminist theory because genders live up to certain expectations that get in the way of life. Men should not be fearful of asking for help because it shows a sign of weakness. Men keep their struggles hidden out of fear of being judged, not knowing where to get help, having the situation worsen, or someone believing them (Lawrence, 2003) They are not as in tuned with their emotions like woman leading to build up, psychological issues and worse suicide. Woman are seen as the complete opposite of men being the more sensitive type, and likely to be victims.Women shouldnt be treated differently in court because of this gender expectations . Crimes should be handled equitably, not acknowledging stereotypical gender roles in the process. Gender should not be a factor that comes into play with what people do or experienc e. Weakness of Feminist theory As stated before feminist theory is always changing and build upon patriarchy values. Patriarchy is a system of society where men hold a larger amount of power over the woman. This can exclude talking about male victims of domestic violence in LGTBQ relationships. Queer theory emphasizes the importance of being different and rejects and any sort of ideas that are restrictive of limiting. Queer challenges prevailing notions of sex, gender. When there a two men involved, it challenges the meaning of patriarchy because the female is taken out of the equation. Focusing on heterosexual relationships, members of LGTBQ are largely left out. NCADV states In a study of male same sex relationships, only 26% of men called the police for assistance after experiencing near-lethal violence, This is important because domestic violence can happen in all relationships and feminist theory only applying to some may affect how one may handel the situation. Feminist theory is changing within society and has not be modernized to fit the way society lives today yet. Agenda-setting theory Evaluation on Men being Domestic Violence Victims Agenda-setting theory portrays that the media can set the public agenda by selecting certain news stories and excluding others, thus influencing what audiences think about. A simple Google search stating men as the victims of domestic violence does not result in a fair amount of data. Men being domestic viol ence victims is a taboo subject, a topic for jokes. As explained by Lawrence and Mejia, there is a issue in existing resources that men have to go to being the victims. There are womens shelters, and the Violence Against Women Act (1990), however similar services do not exist for men. Solutions starts will awareness and addressing the topic full-on even if it goes completely against everything we know and believe. Does not make it right when men cause the violence however, does not make it right to dismiss them as victims as well. Limit portrayal of men victims of domestic violence leaves them feeling helpless, and alone thinking they are the only ones dealing with this or it isnt a big deal if nobody is talking about it. The media rarely talks about this issue especially following the Me too movement. Men are left in the dust to deal with their issues on their own. Men that do find the courage to speak up are faced with laughter and useless responses like hit her back (Smith, 2016). The audience based on media unintentionally focuses on one group more than the other because there is more articles, news outlets, and popularity discussing it. Flaws o f Agenda-Setting Theory Some flaws of Agenda-setting theory is people respond to media content in different ways based on your backgrounds,cultures, and way of thinking. Domestic Violence might not be as big of a topic for some. After hearing the reality from different media, people have the ability to ignore it. For example, Veganism has not become a big topic until recent years. More and more sources are coming out on how becoming vegan can advance you and the environment, showing what goes behind the scenes of the process it takes to get the meat on your plate, etc. The horrific information is out to the public but people continue eating meat because they dont single handling see how this affects them or this way of eating is convenient to them. Basically having the option to dismiss data and information because it benefits them. Public attention to problems follows a issue attention cycle where the public becomes suddenly aware of a problem gradually lose interest (Soroka,1999). The media always looking for the biggest and greatest thing to talk about. Once something is said, discussions start arising and people start questioning what should be d one to fix the matter. Different issues are hot topics for a few weeks while others are still being debated for years. Important topics can be pushed to the side or completely forgotten by a more popularly topic. This demonstrating that media has a huge impact on society but its up to society to take charge on the issue. If it was up to mass media, nothing would be fully resolved and taken care of. Courageous people are the ones that go against media and take a stand on what they think should be talked about. Gun violence laws keep getting overlooked causing more mass shooting to occur. However, people didnt wait for the agenda to be set but rather they set the agenda on their own. Domestic violence on men needs to be addressed by the audience first to resolve the tabooness of it all. Conclusion The issue of men being domestic violence victims can be best analyzed by the feminist theory because even though there is a huge gap leaving out LGTBQ relationships, feminist theory is everso changing within societ y. This allows for the theory to be caught up with whats happening in society. The agenda- setting theory and media portrayal on men victims can be more categorized as factor of gender inequalities. Stereotypes of men lead to there being little to no representation of the issue. Facing the issue head on is the most reasonable way of taking care of this issue. Society must start with getting rid the gender expectations we put into society. Men have feelings and have a right to express them as much as women. Being taught from young that its normal to have these types of emotions. Concealing what goes inside, is not healthy for the mind or body. Bottling emotions can lead to greater issues so emitting change as simple as talking it out will help tremendously. Redefining masculinity and noting that experiences should be fairly treated. Understanding that anyone can go through these issues, masculine or not. Being physically strong as nothing to do with being too tough to go through things like domestic violence. Interacting with each other, learning from each other , that this world needs to change for the better. Works Cited/References Broady, T. R., Gray, R., Gaffney, I. (2014). Taking Responsibility: A Psychological Profile of Men Attending a Domestic Violence Group Work Intervention Program in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(14), 2610â€Å"2629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513517300 Mejia, Ximena E. (2005). Gender matters: Working with adult male survivors of trauma.(Practice Theory). Journal of Counseling and Development, 83(1), 29-40. Lawrence, S. (2003). Domestic violence and men. (gender issues). Nursing Standard, 17(40), Retrieved from https://link.galegroup.com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A105853188/AONE?u=cuny_johnjaysid=AONExid=d3059ef2 Linda Kelly. (2003). Disabusing the Definition of Domestic Abuse: How Women Batter Men and the Role of the Feminist State. Florida State University Law Review, 30, 791-987. Smith, B. C. (2016, November 19). What Domestic Violence Against Men Looks Like. Retrieved December, 2018, from https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-domestic-violence-against-men-looks-like Soroka, S. (1999). Policy Agenda-Setting Theory Revisited: A Critique of Howlett on Downs, Baumgartner and Jones, and Kingdon. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne De Science Politique, 32(4), 763-772. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/stable/3232512 Schechter, S. (n.d.). Applications of Feminist Legal Theory (K. D. Weisberg, Ed.). Retrieved 2018, from https://www.overdrive.com/media/261535/applications-of-feminist-legal-theory-to-womens-lives Courts and society have glommed into the victim image Mejia, Ximena E. (2005). Gender matters: Working with adult male survivors of trauma.(Practice Theory). Journal of Counseling and Development, 83(1), 29-40.

Banning the Production of Tobacco Products Benefits...

Carbamide is a natural composite that can be found in our urine, commonly known as Urea, is used in the production of cigarettes to boost up the flavor (Wikipedia, n.d.). Tobacco production and usage have changed noticeably over the past decades. Producing tobaccos nowadays have improved compared to how it is done in the past. With the help of technology, seeding and soiling tobaccos is easy, there’s no need to wait to waste time and energy plus still get profits in return. Also, there are different ways to harvest tobacco. Which is making other countries participate in having a piece of the tobaccos’ production profits that can lead to a serious impact. So, if everyone is willing to take this amount of time and effort to try and develop†¦show more content†¦Instead of spending time to start, improve or develop businesses that are in such field, they could spend it on something else that could be more useful to them and their economy. The government can even be involved in this by offering better jobs in industries that are actually benefiting society in several ways. While offering less salaries to those who work in fields that could harm society in the short or the long run. The United State’s government spent so far around 6,995,995,333 $ on public healthcare until now, while this essay is being written (WorldoMeters, 2013). Even though businesses such as producing and selling tobacco products may be helping our economy to be enhanced; creating a clear declare for regression, positive sales sign, and/or an increase in demand for these products. We cannot just simply neglect the bad side of these businesses are leaving behind. Second of all, trying to prevent the related issues that tobacco can create when it is consumed which will be the second step society can take in order to benefit from it. Tobacco can affect citizens in their health wise. There is an impact on both, our brain and body. Due to the drug that can be found in tobacco, Nicotine, many people are now addicted to tobacco. (How Tobacco Affect Our Health, n.d.). 4 out of 10 teens and/or young adults, who smoke during their early age, will end up being regular smokers as growing up older. (Karen Larson, M.D., Stanley J. Swierzewski, III,Show MoreRelatedTobacco Products Should Be Banned1905 Words   |  8 PagesTobacco products have been used for chewing and smoking in the North American continent for over a thousand years. Tobacco products have been a part of United Stated history since its colonization. However, although tobacco products have been used for centuries there have been studies done in more recent years that have linked tobacco pr oducts to widespread health problems. This has caused controversy in the world today on whether or not tobacco products should be banned in this country. There areRead MoreSmoking Tobacco Is The Leading Cause Of Death Worldwide880 Words   |  4 Pagesrespiratory issues than nonsmokers. Tobacco products such as, snuff and chewing tobacco also contribute to similar health issues and risk. The idea of banning smoking and tobacco products is great because it could prevent millions of deaths yearly. There are many different negative side effects that come along with the use and smoking of tobacco. Smoking tobacco is often referred to as a â€Å"slow death†, because it shortens a person’s life expectancy. The use of tobacco often leads to many differentRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?899 Words   |  4 Pages Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Should cigarette smoking be banned for everyone in the United States? Smoking tobacco products have been around for decades and in many different forms. 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Based purelyRead More Against Tobacco Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst Tobacco â€Å"How-To† suicide kits are readily available all across the country. They are inexpensive and easy to purchase at the young age of eighteen! Sounds ridiculous, right? Maybe. Maybe not. I am referring to tobacco products. They are among some of the top selling products in our country, and a large contributor to our cancer epidemicRead MoreMarijuana Decriminalization Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagespeople have always used alcohol and cigarettes as a vice in this manner. The difference being that the government had knowledge of the effects of alcohol and tobacco and had measures in place to control these substances. In the case of marijuana, the government did not have the knowledge or the means to attempt a legalized regulation of this product. Rather than controlling the sale and use of marijuana, the Canadian government made marijuana illegal with the intention of protecting its citizens fromRead MoreLegalizing Marijuan A Land Of Equality, Liberty And Freedom Essay1838 Wo rds   |  8 Pagescenturies. However, the government tries to take freedom away from people by eliminating their ability to execute their free will. Some government officials in the United States started waging a war against drugs to attain their political goals and banning marijuana was an initial step that they took leading to the extermination of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Not only will individual free will get eradicated, but also the privilege of self-determination will be extinguished. The interferenceRead MoreResearch Paper: Tobacco Industry3059 Words   |  13 Pages430: Business, Government, and Society Research Paper: Tobacco Industry Dixon 1 Table of Contents Introduction 2 History 3 Corporate Stakeholders 4 Role of the tobacco industry in its social, economic, and political setting 7 Domestic and International Ethics 9 Ecological and Natural Resources 10 Social Issues 11 Rating of Social Responsiveness 11 Rating in relation to the Saint Leo Core Values 12 Dixon 2 Introduction The use of tobacco is a very controversial topic here

Creation vs. Evolution Essay - 1147 Words

Today many scientists would have people to believe that evolution is the only reasonable explanation of the universe. Scientists, like Stephen Hawking, claim that they have proved that evolution is the correct answer to the origins of life and the universe, yet evolution is still a theory. This problem occurs because evolution is not the only answer. In fact, the creation theory offers a more feasible answer to the origins of the universe than the evolution theory does. Creation has the backings of the Bible, an extraordinarily credible book; where evolution provides a theory with many holes in it. Too frequently the Bible is considered a weak argument, but why? When using the Bible as a reference for any argument, the accuracy of the†¦show more content†¦Not only is the Old Testament historically accurate, but also the Old Testament demonstrates knowledge that is undiscovered for centuries after the Old Testament was written. Twice, in Genesis, God told Abraham that his descendants would be innumerable, just like the stars, but up until the time of Galileo, scholars still tried to count the stars. Today scientist know that there are over 100 billion stars in the universe, and counting them would require around the clock counting for 3000 years. For centuries the earth was not always thought of as spherical. Until the time of Magellan, no one was positive that the earth was round. Isaiah and David both mention the spherical shape of the earth. Recently scientists have discovered springs at the bottom of the ocean, but Job talks with God about the springs in the Ocean. The Old Testament is filled with scientific knowledge is has been proven (Pyles). There are countless examples of the Old Testament being correct scientifically, even when the knowledge of the subjects were limited. Why would the creation account be incorrect if the other accounts mentioned in the Old Testament were correct? Although scientist or philosophers did not write the Bible, God revealed this knowledge to the authors so the Bible would be indisputable. Skeptics tend to not credit the accuracy of the Bible and say that the creation narration is just not enough evidence. Evolutionists have theorized that the earthShow MoreRelatedControvery of Creation vs. Evolution in Inherit the Wind, by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee624 Words   |  3 PagesIn Inherit The Wind, by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, is about a big trial in a small town, and a controversial Creation versus Evolution debate. There are many characters with flamboyant and powerful personalities. Among them are: Matthew Harrison Brady, and Henry Drummond. Although all of these influential people are powerful, not all of them have the same amount of power, not only over other people, but over themselves as well. Matthew Harrison Brady is a very powerful, and revered man atRead MoreCreation Vs. Evolution : Creation Versus Evolution2016 Words   |  9 PagesCreation vs evolution Creation vs. evolution has been a very large debate for a long time. People have been debating whether or not evolution was fact or fiction ever since Charles Darwin published his theory of biological evolution in 1859 in his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, or as it is most commonly known On the Origin of Species. There are several different people in the world, each person having theirRead MoreEvolution Vs Creation Vs Evolution1395 Words   |  6 Pagescame first; the chicken or the egg?† Both evolution and creation make excellent counter-arguments against one another about how Earth came to be, and have also been argued against one another for many years. This paper will contain the topics of comparing evolution and creation; these topics are that they are both based on theories, Earth was one big continent, and natural selection. Along with those topics, there will be contrasts betw een evolution and creation; these topics will include chimpanzeesRead MoreEssay on Creation vs. Evolution1348 Words   |  6 PagesCreation vs. Evolution Ever since the publication of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species was published there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion. Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory, based on the Genesis story of The Bible. These theories, however, are not the cause of the debate because the different theories are simply myths meantRead MoreThe Creation Vs. Evolution Debate1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe creation vs. evolution debate is a question of origins. How did we get here? Were we created or did we evolve randomly? Are we the product of purposeful intelligence or are we merely the end result of countless cosmic accidents? What does the evidence say? Well in this paper I am writing in regards to creation and what I learned and what I believe that is true evidence that God was the one that created us in his image, so here we go. In genesis 1:1 its tells us in the Beginning God created theRead MoreCreation vs Evolution Essay754 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are two different beliefs of how everything came to be. One is creation. Creationalists believe in what the Bible says which is that God created everything. Another is evolution. Evolutionalists believe that there was a quot;big bangquot; which brought forth everything. In this paper, Im going to give the arguments that prove evolution wrong. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the main things that evolutionalists have a problem with is time. They say thatRead MoreEvolution Vs. Creation Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution! The theory that every living organism has come from a lesser organism. A theory that claims humans have come from monkeys. This theory, is what’s being taught to our children in school. If a child asks a teacher about the theory of Creation, they are sure to get a response like, I’m not allowed to answer that question, or something along those lines, because schools are not allowed to teach on religious subjects. I guess schools think that evolution is the next best thing. I believeRead More Creation vs. Evolution Essay3066 Words   |  13 PagesCreation vs. Evolution Since the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859, there has been a continuous debate in the United States regarding evolution and creation. Recently, this debate has intensified throughout America over the issue of whether or not to include creationism in the public school curriculum either in conjunction with evolution or as a replacement for the theory. 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Whether it be when science first challenged that the earth was not the center of the universe as dictated by the Church, or when it was discovered that the earth was round rather than flat. Both these theories today are widely accepted and the rest of society generally ridicules any persons that believe the earth is the center of the universe or that the world

Mediating Role Of Trust And Commitment On Members †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Mediating Role Of Trust And Commitment On Members. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview of the impact of employee performance on the customer retention in the hospitality industry. In hospitality industry, it is very important for an organization to satisfy the needs of their employees so that they can provide qualified services to the customers in the external market. As this hospitality industry is completely based on the activities initiated by the employees and how they welcome the customer so the independent variable in the case is the performance of employees and the dependent variable is the customer retention. Independent variable refers to the factor which affects the other factor and is not dependent upon any other factor for their working. The independent variable is not dependent on any other factor for their working. The independent variable is not dependent on any other variable for making changes and variations in their activities. Thus, in this case employee performance is independent variable on th e rationale of with customer retention acts. Also it should be noted that employee performance directly affects the customer retention process of the company in the hospitality industry, as if the customer makes a second visit in the same organization then it means that they are satisfied with the services provided by the employees in the company and want to entail it again. But if the employee turnover in the company is high then the customer would not get satisfied next time and will not use the services again. So, this is the problem in the scenario of employee performance and customer retention. Further, the task will discuss regarding the impact of employee performance on customer retention in hospitality industry. The task explains a literature review on both the independent and the dependent factors that are employee performance and the customer retention. Adequate theories support the explanation about the concepts and co-relation with of both the aspects as well. More details about the task are discussed below: Literature review Employee performance (independent variable) Every organization is formed with a view to establish and attain reputation in the target market. These organizational objectives can only be achieved with the help of men, machine, material and money. Among all these resources manpower is the most important resource which helps an organization to work effectively. According to Akah, 2010 as machines are used by manpower to produce goods for the company, and material and money are investment by the manpower to increase the efficiencies of the companies in the external market. Every organization demands the need of highly skilled and efficient manpower to grow their business in the international market as well. Talking about the hospitality industry, it should be noted that the owners or the board members of the company do not visit tourist places with the visitors and enlighten them about the sight scene, but the guide travel with them and help them to gain pleasant experience. Also in the company, employees are face of the organizat ion that interact with the customers in the environment, attract them and ask them to attain the services of the company (Han, Hyun, 2015). So, it is very important for the managers to monitor the performance of the employees and satisfy them so that they can further satisfy the needs of the clients in the organization. Further different employees in the company perform different types of job but all of them are ultimately connected to the production of the company and customer retention process. Thus it is important that employees performance act shall be seriously understood and sincere efforts must be inputted in this direction. If the management of the company will initiate to help the employees to learn, then they will grow and grab the opportunities which will help the company to sustain in the market. As said by Shields, et al., 2015, the hospitality industry is a service industry; initially talking about service industry, it is an industry which do not supply products in the market instead services are provided by them to satisfy the requirements of the customers in the external environment. So, it should be noted that the whole hospitality industry is dependent upon how their employees work in the organization to retain the customers from the market. All depends upon the discretion of the employees only how they greet and treat to the customers in the environment, as all the visitors travel to have a pleasant experience. So, it is important for the companies to provide pleasant experience to the customers while travelling with them for which they need to satisfy the employees needs and motivate them to perform better in the market (Appendices 2). Further in order to maintain the performance of employees, it is very important for the companies present in hospitality services indu stry that they need to stimulate the employees to perform better because people management will significantly impact the performance of the employees (Eid, 2015). Performance management of an organization has significant impact on the performance of the employees. As discussed above, the problem of high employee turnover is leading dissatisfaction among the customers in the environment due to which retaining of customers has become a difficult task. Further, it should also be noted that satisfaction of employees leads to satisfaction of customers in the market so the organization needs to find ways through which they can increase the satisfaction of employees in the organization and retain them (Net Survey, 2017). In the view of Mone, London, 2014 talking about the performance of employees, it should be noted that there are many ways through which their performance can be judged and rectified in the market. Any person raises the standards of their performance in the market only when they receive some additional benefit out of it. So, apart from the gross pay if the employees will get paid for the work which they have done above their job process, then they will gain the sense to work more so that they can earn better. Performance management is the way through the organization can identify the requirements of the employees in the market and satisfy them so that they can further satisfy the requirements of the customers efficiently and retain them in the organization. According to Oki, 2014 performance management method evaluates the performance of the employees and provides them monetary and non-monetary benefits accordingly which motivates the employees to improve their performance. This meth od also helps the organization in seeking the issues related to the job of the employees and solve to earn customer satisfaction. The gap analysis is a part of the performance appraisal plan which helps and organization to identify the gap in the growth of the organization and rectify them (Appendices 1). Also the performance appraisal method provides clear objectives to the employees in the organization on which they have to work. Further there are many aspects which influence the performance behavior of employees in the organization like, workplace environment, pay scale of employees, equality in the organization. The theory of X and Y successfully measures the performance of the employees in the organization. This theory was developed by Douglas McGrgor in the late 1960s. The theory describes two different attitudes toward the workforce motivation. It was assumed that the companies follow one of these approaches. The theory X approach says that the management of the organization feels that the employee is lazy and avoids working for the betterment of the organization. Due to which the managerial team becomes obliged to closely supervise the task performed by them and control their activities as well. The companies under this process follow a hierarchical structure with narrow span of control at each level for the efficient and effective employees. The theory X suggests that the employees have the capabilities to work and perform better they will show a little interest in the activities of the organization (Cascio, 2018). The managers who get influenced by the theory X says that, at the end th ere is one person who is to be blamed for the incompetency of the company. The managers in this case show the pessimist view for the employees as they believe that most of the employees in an uninterested way in the organization and the higher authority need to regularly check their work order to improve their performance in the organization. Under the theory Y, the managers assume that the employees of their company are very ambitious and dedicated towards their company. The employees work with great responsibility and they have a sense of self control and self-direction within them. Under this case the managers show full trust on their employees believe that they do not need to regular monitor their growth is they are self-insisted to grow and expand. The employers in this case says that if the employees will get right conditions to work and strong motivation then it will increase their satisfaction which will subsequently positively affect their performance as well. The managers try to remove the barriers and provide pleasant environment to the employees to work (Cascio, 2018). Thus, Theory Y is a positive side of growth of growth of the employee performance in an organization. Customer retention (dependent variable) Customer retention is defined as the activities and actions that are taken by corporations in order to improve the number of loyal customers who prefer to buy or use products or services of the company. According to Roberts-Lombard (2011), the primary objective of customer retention program focuses on assisting organisations in order to retain as many customers as possible. The firms use customer loyalty and brand loyalty initiative to increase the number of loyal customers. The practices or actions for customer retention starts right after the first contact a consumer has with the corporation. The process of customer retention continues throughout the lifetime of the relationship which exists between the customer and the organisation. Roberts-Lombard (2011) stated that in this process, the corporations sell products to consumers who already have a relationship with the firm which is an effective way of growing companys revenues since the enterprise does not have to educate, attract and convert new customers. In case of the hospitality industry, organisations receive a number of benefits because of customer retention such as increased sales, brand loyalty, easy market capitalisation and others. The marketing cost of hospitality companies reduces due to effective customer retention since they advertise their products or services to consumers who already have expressed interest in the firms services. IBOJO (2015) mentioned that the engagement of customers with the brand assists organisations in capitalising on their experiences with the firm. Customer retention also assists in sustaining a companys future growth since it assists organisations in maintaining a competitive advantage over competitors due to consumer loyalty which also leads to adding new customers. In recent years, corporations in hospitality sector focus on customer retention since many studies have proven its effectiveness. Eid (2015) depicted that the consumer profitability tends to increase for companies that have a high number of customer retained since the management focuses on implementing appropriate strategies and firms resources towards effective customer retention. In order to improve customer retention, organisations focus on setting customer expectation to eliminate uncertainty regarding firms products or services. As per Eid (2015), the hospitality companies have to become customers trusted advisor that builds trust and loyalty in their relationship. Organisations are required to take a proactive approach to eliminate problems before they occur which makes the consumer experience personal which resulted in strengthen the bond between them. In the process of customer retention, employees play a crucial role. The senior level management did not interact on a regular basis with consumers; they implement policies which are required to be followed by employees in order to improve customer retention. Han Hyun (2015) provided that the employees who work face-to-face with consumers are able to determine their level of satisfaction which assists in keeping them with the corporation and preventing them from looking anywhere else. Employees who deal directly with customers required to meet customer needs and fulfil their requirements in order to improve customer retention rates. Employees influence the business environment positively by analysing the way in which they deal with the consumers. As per Han Hyun (2015), they perform the activities of performance building and representing the products which lead to increasing customer retention in a firm. In order to maintain consumer trust and commitment in firms products and services, corporations are required to implement policies of relationship marketing. More specifically, hospitality organisation can implement the Commitment-Trust Theory of relationship marketing in order to improve customer retention. According to Hashim Tan (2015), the theory provides that there are two fundamental factors which contribute to customer retention, trust and commitment. The theory provides that corporations should focus on fulfilling consumers demands and honouring their commitments towards them. Instead of focusing on short-term profits, the enterprises should implement the principles of trust and commitment which sustains their future growth. Hashim Tan (2015) provided that Trust is defined as the confidence which both parties have a relationship that the other party wont take any harmful actions against the interest of a party. Commitment is referred as a long-term desire to maintain a valu ed and fulfilling relationship. Wang, Wang Liu (2016) stated that organisations focus on maintaining the trust and commitment in their relationship with customers since it increases their loyal towards the brand which contributes to customer retention. In the hospitality industry, the mutual loyalty allows both parties to fulfil their needs since the consumers get services as per their requirements and companies increase their profits due to customer retention. In the hospitality industry, the implementation of Commitment-Trust theory is suitable since the customers are looking for high-quality services for their preferred brands. Leeman Reynolds (2012) mentioned that the firms are required to focus on the requirements and demands of customers in order to ensure that they provide them a positive experience. Customer satisfaction is a key focus for companies in the hospitality industry since it resulted in increasing their profitability and brand value. The customers prefer to recommend and select the services of a hospitality company that provide effective services to its customers. Customer retention is a dependent variable since it is affected by a number of factors which are not in control of the enterprises. The factors which are in control of companies include employee performance, effective customer-oriented policies and others. In the hospitality industry, employees play a crucial role in providing high-quality services to customers . Employees deal with various requirements and demands of customers, and they can provide high-quality services to them in order to ensure that they are satisfied with the company. Therefore, the establishment of commitment and trust between employees is critical to the success of an enterprise in the hospitality industry since it leads to increasing customer retention. As per Sashi (2012), with the popularity of social media and online services, it has become easier for customers to rate and provide their feedback regarding a companys services which encourage other customers to select the services of the firm as well. Therefore, effective services of employees resulted in increasing customer retention which provides corporations a positive brand image which increases their profits. The co relation between employee performance and customer retention There is a significant co-relation between the independent variable (employee performance) and the dependent variable (customer retention) in the hospitality industry. As discussed above, the Commitment-Trust theory assists organisations in increasing their customer retention rate by establishing mutual loyalty between customers and the firm. The theory provides the importance of customer satisfaction in order to improve customer retention rates. The hospitality industry, the satisfaction of customers, is directly influenced by the performance of employees. According to Arnold, Fang Palmatier (2011), effective performance resulted in fulfilling the requirements and demands of customers which increase their satisfaction level. Therefore, it can be stated that there is a substantial impact of employee performance on customer retention because there is a co-relation between them. As compared between the 4M of the hospitality industry, manpower is most important since employees directly deal with customers in order to provide them high-quality services and fulfil their demands. As per Yee, Yeung Cheng (2010), in the hospitality industry, the employees directly interact with customers; therefore, their performance has a direct influence on customer retention. The customer retention rate increases if the performance of employees is effective. In the hospitality industry, the customers are looking for high-quality services from companies in order to ensure that they remain comfortable and relaxed during their vacation or business meetings. Effective services from employees establish a positive relationship between company and customers. Different factors influence the performance of employees such as job dissatisfaction, work stress, heavy workload, disputes and others. Yi, Nataraajan Gong (2011) stated that the corporations are requiring evaluating these factors and implementing appropriate theories to address these issues. After addressing these factors, the employees are able to improve their performance which leads to higher customer satisfaction rates. As per the Commitment-Trust theory, it is necessary that a level of trust is established between employee and customer which can be achieved by their effective commitment. Therefore, companies in the hospitality industry should focus on improving employee performance since it directly influences customer retention. Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events it should be noted that both the process employee performance and customer retention are interlinked to each other but the employee performance is the independent variable whereas customer retention is the dependent variable. The employee performance is also affected through many aspects which are discussed in the above mentioned task and the customer retention is directly linked with employee performance. When the employee will attain satisfaction then they will perform efficiently and when the employees will perform efficiently then the customers will gain satisfaction with services of the organization. And if the customers will gain pleasant experience while traveling with the company then they will make repetitive sales for the same organization and hence retention of the customers of the company will be implemented. Thus, it should be noted that it is very important for the organization to satisfy the customers in the organization then only the dependent variable that is the customers will company will gain retention of customers in the organization. Thus, the above mentioned task explains the literature review on employee performance and customer satisfaction with specific theory and co relation between them. The report justifies the requirements of the task. References Akah, N. W. (2010). Employee Motivation and Performance: Ultimate Companion Limited. Douala-Cameroon, Masters Degree Dissertation, Mikkeli University of Applied Science. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=mqKNCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR8dq=employee+performance+managementots=P5Wro7Ldzisig=w8XrHhIGIf4Qg2JYfVVIAQrD89A#v=onepageq=employee%20performance%20managementf=false Arnold, T. J., Fang, E. E., Palmatier, R. W. (2011). The effects of customer acquisition and retention orientations on a firms radical and incremental innovation performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(2), 234-251. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/39280381/18_Acquisition_and_Retention_Orientations.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1519367843Signature=2mAwSHQD8r0QTsUcmsC0tsA0TpI%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_effects_of_customer_acquisition_and.pdf Cascio, W. (2018).Managing human resources. New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/6473908/583915094.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1519357964Signature=ydUhd02do%2FJpc0FHbALjCPRP%2FBs%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DManaging_human_resources.pdf Eid, R. (2015). Integrating Muslim customer perceived value, satisfaction, loyalty and retention in the tourism industry: An empirical study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 249-260. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/38887930/3-_IJTR-MCPV.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1519367371Signature=UISSq%2FrbsFpdsF6PSFWyBzZdgiQ%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DIntegrating_Muslim_Customer_Perceived_Va.pdf Han, H., Hyun, S. S. (2015). Customer retention in the medical tourism industry: Impact of quality, satisfaction, trust, and price reasonableness. Tourism Management, 46, 20-29. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heesup_Han2/publication/265128733_Customer_retention_in_the_medical_tourism_industry_Impact_of_quality_satisfaction_trust_and_price_reasonableness/links/59f042470f7e9baeb26adf8b/Customer-retention-in-the-medical-tourism-industry-Impact-of-quality-satisfaction-trust-and-price-reasonableness.pdf Hashim, K. F., Tan, F. B. (2015). The mediating role of trust and commitment on members continuous knowledge sharing intention: A commitment-trust theory perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 35(2), 145-151. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ff8e/b1fb7680cbebaa3948b20be1c40de0ec3263.pdf Hayes, B. (2013). What is Customer Loyalty? Part 2: A Customer Loyalty Measurement Framework. Retrieved from https://analyticsweek.com/content/customer-loyalty-measurement-framework/ IBOJO, B. O. (2015). Impact of Customer Satisfaction on Customer Retention: A Case Study of a Reputable Bank in Oyo, Oyo State. Nigeria. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 3(2), 42-53. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.672.6082rep=rep1type=pdf Leeman, D., Reynolds, D. (2012). Trust and outsourcing: Do perceptions of trust influence the retention of outsourcing providers in the hospitality industry?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 601-608. Retrieved from https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/656.pdf Mone, E. M., London, M. (2014).Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=unwBAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=employee+performance+management+processots=HeROTpa6bmsig=r-OrgDKNKEHo36J0wdhhIE2f4TM#v=onepageq=employee%20performance%20management%20processf=false Net Survey. (2017). The link between employee engagement, profitability and growth. Retrieved from https://www.netsurvey.se/en/employee-engagement/link-employee-engagement-profitability-growth/ Oki, E. U. (2014). The Impact of Employee Retention on Customer Satisfaction in the Nigerian Service Organizations (A Study of Some Selected Hotels in JOS, Plateau State). International Journal of managerial studies and research, 2(9), 140-154. Retrieved from https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijmsr/v2-i9/16.pdf Roberts-Lombard, M. (2011). Customer retention through customer relationship management: The exploration of two-way communication and conflict handling. African journal of business management, 5(9), 3487. Retrieved from https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380897998_Lombard.pdf Sashi, C. M. (2012). Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media. Management decision, 50(2), 253-272. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cm_Sashi/publication/235292856_Customer_engagement_buyer-seller_relationships_and_social_media/links/5553b13108aeaaff3bf19c25.pdf Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. England: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=mqKNCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR8dq=employee+performance+managementots=P5Wro7Ldzisig=w8XrHhIGIf4Qg2JYfVVIAQrD89A#v=onepageq=employee%20performance%20managementf=false Wang, W. T., Wang, Y. S., Liu, E. R. (2016). The stickiness intention of group-buying websites: The integration of the commitmenttrust theory and e-commerce success model. Information Management, 53(5), 625-642. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a2b6/bcf835e3e476246fdfd978ca6d530cf59deb.pdf Yee, R. W., Yeung, A. C., Cheng, T. E. (2010). An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 124(1), 109-120. Retrieved from https://download.xuebalib.com/xuebalib.com.21878.pdf Yi, Y., Nataraajan, R., Gong, T. (2011). Customer participation and citizenship behavioral influences on employee performance, satisfaction, commitment, and turnover intention. Journal of Business Research, 64(1), 87-95. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/39810187/Customer_participation_and_citizenship_b20151108-24242-1tipfq3.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1519368022Signature=%2BNGsPg6vdasllBVigtbZgIcIkjk%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCustomer_participation_and_citizenship_b.pdf

The economics of rising the retirement age

The latest demographic complexities as well as reduced returns from investments are posing a major threat to keeping employees who have reached their retirement age longer at their jobs. This realization has hit major first world governments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economics of rising the retirement age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These governments have reacted swiftly and are proposing to increase the retirement age. Ironically, the retirement age is currently at 63, which is one year lower that the 1970s. This means that the governments see the need to raise age of retirement as the best means to keep the cost of pension affordable. The increase of retirement age may not be such a problem to countries struggling with an aging work force provided the countries balance the supply of the work force with the rate of retirement. However, this may be a problem because latest statistics indicate that life expectancy and fertility rates are declining. Therefore, the said governments are facing the challenge of having an increasing population but which has a reduction in fertility and productivity. The economies of these countries are therefore less productive than they should. There are advantages though of rising the retirement age of employees in these countries. Governments get to benefit on two ways. Firstly, these employees add to the government revenue in form of taxes. Secondly, and as mentioned earlier the governments get to keep their pension bill down. While people argue that working for longer increases the countries productivity, economists have raised the concern at the quality of their production by such an old aged work fore. The agreement is build on he fact that older people cannot be expected to be optimally productive at demanding jobs. Actually this amounts to paying a significant percent6age of employees to do nothing that is of value to the economy (Thomas para 1-6).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The debate to increase the retiremen6 age began in the early 1980s in developed counties especially USA. The idea was informed by the fact that citizens were living longer than expected. To keep theme economically productive the countries proposed the increase in retirement age. Suffice to say that the experience of age is also another factor that makes the aging population marketable at the job place. However there was a worry about the rising cost of pension (Schulz 164). While the argument was met by a quick response that the cost would be met by encouraging some of the employees to retire early, the argument does have various shortcomings. The argument does not consider those employees who retire involuntarily especially due to such factors as poor health, unproductivity or even retrenchment. This argument does not answer the qu estion whether an older workforce will be able to meet the productivity demands. Rising the retirement age is purposed at ensuring the retired population becomes self sustaining; that they will have something to0 live on in their sun set year. While it is vital to focus on the aging population and make it self sufficient, countries risk several things. To begin with countries raising the retirement age risk overburdening the young working population. This is happens in two ways; reducing the number of jobs available and using more of their taxes top pay of their older and aging working colleagues. Several government have notice these risk and have also opted to focus on the young population. Several pension schemes are used in a number of countries. They range from automatic enrollment into saving schemes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economics of rising the retirement age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These mean that a citizen is automatically enrolled into the pension scheme upon attainment of a certain age. Some other countries opt for compulsory enrollment, and use a tax incentive to motivate the younger working population to save fro their old age. Record show that when the young have earned a tidy sum they may either spend it recklessly upon retirement (Morgenstern paea 1-4). This proves that the government should not merely focus on making the young ones save for their old. The savers attitude and knowledge upon retirement is crucial. Governments should focus a little more attention to educating the people on how to manage their pension upon retirement. Thus the success of a sustainable pension scheme is not just the government’s efforts to save but also how the people manage their retirement benefits. For instance saving for life and then only to use pension to pay for debt accumulated over the period of ones life is not economically sensible. Those in support of t he efforts to raise the age of retirement assert that it will boast and stabilize the social security of a country. This will be achieved through stabilizing the pension industry as fewer employees will be pensionable in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, a reduced pensions bill will reduce the raising national budget deficit created by t ever increasing need to take cater of the aged population in a country. Raising the retirement age is also seen as one of the options of for reducing national budget deficits (Mckinnon , Boles And Vaughan Para 9). This is usually a valid reason at face value. It prep supposes that no one wants to retire and that all professions will be bound by this rule. However a clearer look at the situation presents a more complicated picture. Stability of the pension industry is just a future dream. This is because the changing demographic dynamic makes it impossible to have an accurate estimation on pension needs in the years to come.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore it is also difficult to estimate on average when the current generation of retiring employees will die. Such complexities present glaring hard truths about the uncertainties of the future especially for the aging population. The idea of rising the retirement age has been mooted by those who think that it is an effort to provide money for retirees to spend. This is hoped to ramie the spending level of the entire nation and as such will provide enough business for the younger generation. (Altmann para 6). Furtyrmore efforts to estend the working life is seen as a way of retaining essential profession skills necessary for economic development (para 8). This therefore implies that the baby boomers are the key pillar for economic growth and sustenance. Will be able to be of economic benefit both to the economy as well as to themselves. Te assumption is this case is that all retirees will be wise spenders of their retirement benefits. Furthermore this argument also assumes tha t allowing the elderly to continue working does have an overall positive effect on the economy. As in deed mentioned earlier, the argument also asserts that the aging population can actually be able to maintain economically productive levels. By not letting the baby boomer not to work the economies will be negatively affected. While there have been plan set to let this group of people to work on part time basis, the over emphasis on allowing them to work is not the key to supplementing the inadequate governments pension schemes. Critics of this theory argue that what modern economies need is a young and vibrant worker who van understand the dynamic needs of the modern day job. Furthermore, the number of unemployed people aged 55 and over is alarmingly high. Therefore increasing the retirement age simply has a negative impact on the economy. This is due to the fat that it raises the unemployment are as well as makes longer the year that this people spends looking for a job (Geewax pa ra 3-7). This in effect raises poverty levels especially in this group of citizen. Furthermore it increases the number of years that the spend without being able to access social welfare benefits for retirees. This has an effect on the poverty index too. The age at which people retire is a complicated matter. This is because it has a direct effect on the economic set up of that country. Governments need to reign in and control the raising pension bills, which are resulting to national budget deficits. Various ideas have been put forward to reign in on the increased level of national budget deficits. Rising the retirement age is one of them this view sees a job as more that just a means to earn a decent salary. For these brand of economists, having a job is necessary toward national and economic development. However as debate continue of the need to raise the age of retirement, government pensions schemes continue to feel the pinch of an increasingly aging population Works Cited Altm ann, R. â€Å"Scrapping the default retirement age will benefit the economy.† The Guardian. 2010. Web. Geewax, M. â€Å"Raising The Retirement Age: Can It Balance Budgets?† npr. 2011. Web. Mckinnon, J., Boles, C. And Martin V. â€Å"Deficit Panel’s Leaders Push Cuts.† Wall street journal. 2010. Web. Morgenstern, M. â€Å"A special report on pensions: A nudge and a wink†. The Economist. 2011. Web. Thomas D. â€Å"Pensions: 70 or bust!† The Economist. 2011. Web. Schulz, J. The Economics of Aging. West Port, CT: Auburn House. 2001. Print This essay on The economics of rising the retirement age was written and submitted by user Felix Ramos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

The Picture of Dorian Gray Free Online Research Papers There are many scenes which may be considered essential for the understanding of a novel, and after the reading of which we have a full view of the author’s intentions in relation to the plot. In The Picture of Dorian Gray ,the fragment which I’m going to analyse it is, in my opinion, fundamental for the novel, for it representes the first encouter of the main characters. I consider that this is one of the most important parts of the book, for it reveals the personalities of the characters ,it shows what effect words can have on a person, and is the key for the whole novel. The action is set in the urban surroundings of London , around 1890’s, on a day of June, in Basil Hallward’s studio, a well-known artist, who is preparing to paint the portrait of a most beautiful young man, Dorian Gray. Basil is the one who introduces Lord Henry Wotton, an old gentleman, to Dorian Gray. The moment of their encounter announces a turbulance not only in Dorian Gray’s behaviour in that precise instant, but also the change Lord Henry will produce in his life: †When he caught sight of Lord Henry, a faint blush coloured his cheeks for a moment, and he started up.† Lord Henry is immediately interested in the young boy, he is impressed by his purity, his candour of youth: †There was something in his face that made one trust him at once.All the candour of youth was there, as well as all youth’s passionate purity. One felt that he had kept himself unspotted from the world.† From this moment Lord Henry felt an attraction towar ds him, but his feelings for Dorian were entirely different from what Basil felt . Whereas Basil wanted to keep Dorian away from all cruelties of this world, Henry became interested in his naivite, purity, innocence, only to satisfy his own curiosity. Dorian is presented as a very beautiful person, he has blue eyes – symbol of idealism; red lips – shows a touch of sensuality; golden hair – all these give him the appearance of an angel, a romantic character. The author used colored words to describe the human body, he is constantly observing the character’s expressions: the curves and expressions which are formed with the lips †parted lips†, †a faint smile passed across his lips†, †he bite his lip.† The face and he cheeks are under Wilde’s close observation: white, flushed cheeks. Lord Henry is the one who steps forward and extends his hand, he is the one to make the first step, he has the initiative, and not only does he manipulate the conversation in the direction he chooses, but also Dorian Gray’s thoughts. Being a great man of words, he began talking to Dorian at once, on a serious tone, with clarity, expressing an opinion that would arouse the young boy’s interest in him: †You are too charming to go in for philanthropy, Mr. Gray – far too charming.† At this remark, Basil glanced at him, hesitated, and asked him to leave, because he knew Lord Henry’s temper better than anyone. But this attempt, came too late, for Dorian was already charmed by the new comer, because he was so unlike Basil, and took his side. When Henry asked, smiling, †Am I to go, Mr. Gray?†, he was confident that the boy’s answer would be in his favour. This explains Lord’s Henry’s strategy. He tells Dorian many life theories but Dorian has the impression that those ideas came from himself, so he wouldn’t blame Lord Henry, but instead would be thankful.When Dorian got on the platform for Basilto draw his picture, he looked like a Greek martyr. It is known that in the tragedies, the main characters suffered and usually died at the end of a play. Mostly because they commited hybris ;in this case, we might consider Dorian’s desire to live his life fully and also his beauty as a hybris for which he is to be punished. For Dorian, Basil and Lord Henry made a delightful contrast because they were so different. Basil warned him not to listen, or to pay attention to what Henry says, because he had a bad influence over all Basil’s friends. Basil’s words had another effect upon him, and he begun to inquire Henry about his influence being bad. In his defense Lord Henry responded that there was no such thing as a good influence, †all influence is immoral immoral from the s cientific point of view.† Only one question came from the lips of the young boy †Why?†, and Lord Henry had the perfect occasion to pour his †wise† ideeas into the boy’s mind. While Basil coordinates him in the physical way ( he tells him how to turn his head, how to stand), Lord Henry indoctrinates him with his radical theories. He induces the hedonistic idea that if a man was to live his life fully and completly, every dream would come true, he would give form to every expression, feeling to every thought, so the world would gain a fresh impulse of joy – the return to the Hellenic ideal (to see things as they really are, in their beauty). †But the bravest man amongst us is afraid of himself†¦Courage has gone out of the race† – saying this he challenged Dorian Gray. Henry proposes a return to the Hellenic ideal, to the sensibilities of ancient Greek where the appreciation of beauty reigned. He thinks that the present mode of living is marked by a morality that demands self – denial. He also says that if we denie ourselves something, this brings only a stronger desire for what has been denied. Another theory is that t he body is free from sin. He says that the greatest sins take place only in the brain so the body is not expose to them. †You have had passions, that had made you afraid, thoughts that had fined you with terror, day – dreams and sleeping dreams whose mere memory might stain your cheek with shame.† Hearing these, Dorian feels that he can stand it no more and shouts „Stop. Let me think, or rather let me try not to think† – from now on he can think of nothing else but Lord Henry’s words. Motionless, with parted lips and eyes, he stood there. In all this time Basil was creating his portrait, and he realized that it was the best expression Dorian could have, he even thinks that it was going to be his life’s masterpiece. But he was not aware of what mecanism had brought it to surface. Basil admits that Dorian had had †some subtle influence over him†, and it is this influence that Basil is certain that his painting reveals. Despite all his attempts to get distance from what he was hearing, Dorian Gray is bewildered by what Henry says, for a moment he trys to resist, to oppose, he struggles within himself. He had never thought of such things before, and all of a sudden those words, ideas made sense for him, and such an intensity had Henry’s words, that he even had the impression that they have come really from himself. His words troubled him, they seemed to him to aquire a form of themselves. From this moment life became to him fiery – coloured, †it seemed to him that he had been walking in fire. Why had he not know it? Why had it been left for a stranger to reveal him to himself?†He had a revelation, and felt that he had been blind , that he lived in darkness and now a whole new world opened to him. Voice and silence are two words which are outstanding. Characteristic to Lord Henry is voice: with his beautiful, low, musical voice he has captured Dorian’s atention. Characteristic to Dorian is silence, he seems to be particularly sensitive to the effect of the human voice. Silence is suggestive , Wilde watches his characters while they are speaking, and describes their behaviour. Lord Henry’s words awake wild passions and mad desires in Dorian, and he cannot resist them. All this time Lord Henry was watching with a subtle smile his every move, every change that took place within himself; he knew what storm he had created within him and knew the precise psychological moment when to say nothing. He was amazed at the sudden impression that his words produced, †how fascinated the lad was.† Henry’s words meant to him everything, even if they were said at chance, †and with wilful paradox in them.† He had only made an experiment. To Wilde, words were material and real:†Words! Mere words! How terrible they were! How clear,and vivid, and cruel!One could not escape of them.And yet what a subtle magic there was in them! Mere words! Was there anything so real as words?† In a letter, Wilde stated that the main characters of The Picture of Dorian Gray are in different ways reflections of himself: Basil Hallward is what I think I am; Lord Henry what the world thinks me; Dorian what I would like to be- in other ages, perhaps. In this scene, Lord Henry seems to play the role of Mephistophel, he is an evil counsel, and the moment when he is attentive to Dorian, that smile on his face showed that he too was delighted by what was happening, by the force he had on the boy. We are given the impression that we have two artists: Lord Henry,the artist, who modeled his living material: †to a large extent the lad was his own creation.†On the other hand , we have Basil,who pictures Dorian’s portrait. Basil, however, did not work with his mind, but with his body, he modeled him not directly, and at any rate, Lord Henry’s modelation had brought his inner change, the picture was only a way of seeing the state of degradation of his soul. While Lord Henry exercises influence over other characters primarily through his skillful use of language, it is Dorian’s beauty that seduces the characters with whom he associates. The principal exponents of the dialogue and the plot are Lord Henry and Dorian Gray.The mental things are much in the foreground. From this scene we can observe that the relation between Henry and Dorian dominates, and the one between him and Basil is put on a second step.This is the way in which the action continues throughout the book, Dorian Gray remains haunted by Lord Henry’s words, surrounded by an atmosphere of moral corruption. All in all, this scene is representative for the novel, and it stands as one of the most relevant for the relations between characters. It presents the inner world of soul and mind, and the impact words have on an influencible person, how they can change one’s life completly. Bibliography: 1. Oscar Wilde. The Picture of Dorian Gray. London: Penguin Popular Classics, 1994 2. Andrew Sanders. The Short History of English Literature.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 3. Aatos Ojala. Aestheticism and Oscar Wilde( Part II: Literary Style).Helsinki, 1995 Research Papers on The Picture of Dorian GrayMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings The Picture of Dorian Gray Free Online Research Papers In The Picture of Dorian Gray, the character, Dorian Gray goes through a major transformation. His major concern throughout the book is himself, which makes the internal conflict in the novel is man vs. himself. When the novel begins, Dorian is an intellectual young man who is greatly influenced by Henry. Lord Henry and Dorian Gray are almost inseparable. He fills his head with ideas of pleasure and vanity. When Dorian, known to Sibyl as â€Å"Prince Charming†, is engaged, he is immediately transformed. He barely knows Sibyl, and yet, he defends her on many occasions and speaks of marriage as if he has been married for years. â€Å"’This is,’ interrupted Dorian, ‘You must admit, Harry, that women give to men the very gold of their lives’† (86) This shows that Dorian seems to feel emotionally attached to a woman that he has known for only a short while. While Lord Henry and Dorian discuss the marriage arrangement, Basil observes that Dorian is not the same man. Dorian becomes a cold-hearted man when he watches Sibyl play Juliet in the play Romeo and Juliet. Her performance was terrible and Dorian is very angry with her. At the end of the play, Sibyl explains to Dorian that she cannot act when she knows how true love really is. Dorian then tells her that she has killed his love and that he no longer wishes to marry her. Clearly, this is a different mindset than when he discusses her with Lord Henry. When he goes home, he sees the painting that Basil had painted of him and it has â€Å"lines of cruelty round the mouth† (98) He believes that the painting is his conscience and he is determined to make everything right again. He claims that he will apologize to Sybil and ask marry her. When Dorian receives the news that Sybil has killed herself because of him, his callous nature returns. At fist, he feels remorse, and yet, a few moments later, he blames Sybil’s death on Sybil and even has the nerve to call her â€Å"selfish†. He checks the portrait to see if it has changed, but it has not. Dorian relies on the portrait because of his selfish nature of good looks and sins. The portrait corrupts Dorian. It even causes his him to commit the murder of his once good friend, Basil after he tells Dorian to confess. The portrait also caused Dorian to blackmail Campbell. He wrote something on a piece of paper to get him to help with the corpse of Basil. Dorian becomes so wrapped up in hiding his portrait and the fact that he murdered Basil, that he forgets to enjoy the pleasures that he gave his soul for. When he turns to opium to solve his problems, he meets Sybil’s brother, who begins choking him. Dorian’s corrupt and selfish nature continues throughout the book. He is glad when he finds that Sybil’s brother is dead. This selfish and corrupt nature eventually leads to his own death. The style of the author is very different from the style of the other three novels. The style is less laid-back. It is more intellectual. The characters talk as if they were scholars. I did not like this style as much as I liked the writing style of Ken Kesey. Oscar Wilde also was not as straight forward as everyone else. He used a lot of imagery and personification. I really enjoyed reading this book. I think that I can relate to Dorian’s longing for youth and beauty. I am very much concerned about my appearance, as is Dorian, and it is good to think that I would not do something as drastic as sell my soul to preserve my youth. Research Papers on The Picture of Dorian GrayHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentThe Spring and AutumnThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings